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1 занятие
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2 занятие
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3 обычный
прил.Русское многозначное прилагательное обычный относится к сфере временных отношений (регулярный, повторяющийся и т. п.) и к сфере обычая, традиции, а также к сфере качественной характеристики (обычный, заурядный, непримечательный). Во всех этих значениях оно соответствует разным словам или их значениям английского языка.1. customary — обычный, принятый, традиционный, привычный, присущий ( кому-либо): customary practice — обычная практика/привычная практика; at the customary hour — в обычный час/в обычное время; as is customary — как принято/по обыкновению It is customary there to offer a repairman a cup of coffee. — У них принято мастеру по ремонту предложить чашку кофе. Is it customary here to wear furs at the theatre? — У вас принято ходить в театр в мехах? Не worked with his customary thoroughness and care. — Он работал со свойственными ему тщательностью и вниманием. Не greeted me with a customary bow. — Он приветствовал меня традиционным поклоном. Не sat in his customary place at the head of the table. — Он сидел на своем обычном месте во главе стола.2. ordinary — обычный, обыкновенный, ординарный, заурядный, ничем не примечательный, посредственный, повседневный, банальный: ordinary abilities — средние способности/заурядные способности; ordinary life — обычная жизнь; one's ordinary habits— повседневные привычки; ordinary occupation — привычное занятие; ordinary walk — привычная прогулка; ordinary dinner hours — обычные обеденные часы; ordinary dress uniform — повседневная форма одежды; ordinary call — обыкновенный телефонный разговор/обыкновенный телефонный звонок; in ordinaiy use — при повседневном использовании; in the ordinary way — при обычных обстоятельствах Не is an ordinary actor. — Он заурядный актер./Он посредственный актер. Не lives in an ordinary house in suburban Glasgow. — Он живет в обычном ( как у всех) доме в пригороде Глазго. From the outside Ihe building looked like a perfectly ordinary shed. — Снаружи здание выглядело ничем не примечательным сараем. The inside of the house is rather ordinary. — Внутри дом был вполне заурядным. Her new dress made her a beauty despite her ordinary looks. — В новом платье она казалась красавицей, несмотря на ничем не примечательную внешность. His wits did not agree with his ordinary looks. — Его ум никак не вязался с его заурядным видом./Ero остроумие никак не вязалось с его обыкновенным видом.3. common — обычный, обыкновенный, простой, заурядный, распространенный, повсюду часто встречающийся, ничего особенного из себя не представляющий: a common face — заурядное лицо; a common man — простой человек; common people — простые люди; a common flower — распространенный цветок; a common mistake — часто встречающаяся ошибка Squirrels are very common in these parks. — Белки — обычное животное и наших парках./Белки — распространенное животное в наших парках./ Белки часто встречаются в наших парках. Daisy is a common flower. — Маргаритка — обычный/часто встречающийся цветок. It's a common mistake. — Это частая ошибка./Это обычная ошибка./ Это распространенная ошибка. She used to be a plain common girl when I knew her down there. — Когда мы там жили, она была ничем не выделяющейся простенькой девочкой./Когда мы там жили, она была простым, обыкновенным подростком. It was common for children to play in the street. — Тогда было принято, что дети играли на улице./Тогда было привычно, что дети играли на улице. The most common criticism was that he was often late. — Его обычно Критиковали за частые опоздания. Detective story writing has become increasingly common. — Написание детективов становится все более обычным занятием./Писать детективы — становится все более распространенным занятием.4. regular — обычный, постоянный, регулярный, очередной, повторяющийся, размеренный ( происходящий через равные промежутки времени): a regular visitor— постоянный посетитель; a regular customer — постоянный покупатель/постоянный клиент; regular correspondence — регулярная переписка; regular lessons — регулярные уроки/занятия; regular breathing — ровное дыхание/размеренное дыхание; regular pulse — ровный пульс; regular income — постоянный доход; regular work — постоянная работа; regular salary — обычная зарплата/очередная зарплата/постоянная зарплата; a regular staff — регулярный штат/постоянный штат; one's regular time for return from work — чье-либо обычное время возвращения с работы; to keep regular hours — вести размеренный образ жизни; to have regular meals — регулярно питаться Не came for a regular medical check and was shocked to learn his diagnosis. — Он пришел на обычный медицинский осмотр и был потрясен неожиданным диагнозом./Он пришел на регулярный медицинский осмотр и был потрясен, узнав свой диагноз. We keep a regular way of life here. — Мы здесь ведем размеренный образ жизни. This job is a pleasant change from my regular duties. — Эта работа — приятная перемена в моих постоянных делах./Эта работа — приятная перемена в моих монотонных делах. It is very important to take regular exercise. — Регулярно двигаться очень важно./Постоянно двигаться очень важно. They made regular trips abroad. — Они постоянно ездили за границу.5. usual — обычный, обыкновенный, принятый, тривиальный: the usual terms — обычные условия; as usual — как обычно Не said all the usual things. — Он сказал все то, что принято говорить./ Он сказал обычные слова./Он сказал принятые для такого случая слова./Он сказал всем известные слова. As is usual with that sort of people. — Как водится у такого сорта людей. It is usual with him to be late. — Он, как правило, опаздывает. He came later than usual. — Он пришел позже, чем обычно. She svas her usual cheerful self. — Она была, как обычно, весела. I'll meet you at the usual time. — Встретимся в обычное время./Встретимся в то же врсмя./Встретимся как и всегда. Is it usual for lectures to start so early? — А что, лекции обычно начинаются так рано?/А что, лекции всегда начинаются так рано? Не was wearing his usual T-shirt and jeans. — Он был в своих обычных джинсах и майке./На нем были обычные джинсы и майка. She gave us her usual polite smile. — Она нам улыбнулась своей обычной вежливой улыбкой.6. conventional — обычный, привычный, общепринятый, традиционный: conventional weapon — обычное вооружение -
4 लौकिक
laukikamf (ī)n. (fr. loka) worldly, terrestrial, belonging to orᅠ occurring in ordinary life, common, usual, customary, temporal, not sacred (as opp. to vaidika, ārsha, ṡāstrīya;
laukiheshu ind. = loke « in ordinary orᅠ popular speech», opp. to vaidikeshu Nir.) ṠrS. Mn. MBh. etc.;
(ifc.) belonging to the world of(ct. brahma-l-);
m. common orᅠ ordinary men (as opp. to « the learned, initiated» etc.) Ṡaṃk. Sarvad. ;
men familiar with the ways of the world, men of the world Uttarar. ;
men in general, people, mankind MBh. ;
n. anything occurring in the world, general custom, usage Ṡak. MārkP. ;
a person's ordinary occupation BhP. ;
- लौकिकज्ञ
- लौकिकत्व
- लौकिकन्याय
- लौकिकभानवादरहस्य
- लौकिकविषयतावाद
- लौकिकविषयताविचार
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5 основное занятие
1. chief business2. primary occupationБизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > основное занятие
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6 привычное занятие
General subject: ordinary occupation -
7 Beschäftigung
Beschäftigung f 1. PERS employment; 2. WIWI activity • Beschäftigung abbauen PERS cut employment, reduce employment, cut back employment • Beschäftigung annehmen PERS take employment, take a job, accept a job • Beschäftigung aufnehmen PERS take up employment, take up work, to start a job • Beschäftigung beenden PERS stop working, cease employment, cease working; quit (kündigen) • Beschäftigung beginnen PERS start a job, start work, begin work • Beschäftigung finden PERS find employment, find work, find a job • Beschäftigung haben PERS be employed, have a job • Beschäftigung schaffen PERS create employment, create jobs • Beschäftigung suchen PERS seek employment, look for employment, seek a job, look for a job, seek work, look for work • Beschäftigung verringern PERS reduce employment, cut employment, cut jobs, cut back employment • Beschäftigung wieder aufnehmen PERS, SOZ resume work, return to work • bisherige Dauer der Beschäftigung PERS current spell of employment, current period of employment • in Beschäftigung bleiben PERS remain in employment • jmdn. wieder in Beschäftigung bringen PERS get sb back into employment, bring sb back to work, get sb back into work • ohne Beschäftigung sein PERS be without employment, be out of work • wieder in Beschäftigung bringen PERS bring sb back to work, get sb back into employment* * *f 1. < Person> employment; 2. <Vw> activity ■ Beschäftigung annehmen < Person> take employment, take a job, accept a job ■ Beschäftigung aufnehmen < Person> take up employment, take up work, to start a job ■ Beschäftigung beenden < Person> stop working, cease employment ■ Beschäftigung beginnen < Person> start a job, start work, begin work ■ Beschäftigung finden < Person> find employment ■ Beschäftigung haben < Person> be employed, have a job ■ Beschäftigung suchen < Person> seek employment, look for employment, seek a job, look for a job, seek work, look for work ■ ohne Beschäftigung sein < Person> be without employment, be out of work* * *Beschäftigung
employ[ment], engagement, appointment, (Arbeit) work, (Beruf) vocation, occupation, job, pursuit, business, spell, lay (sl.);
• auf Beschäftigung ausgerichtet (pol.) employment-oriented;
• ohne Beschäftigung unemployed, out of work (employ);
• ohne regelmäßige Beschäftigung at a loose end;
• abhängige Beschäftigung dependent employment;
• Berufskrankheiten auslösende Beschäftigung disease-breeding occupation;
• ausschließliche Beschäftigung sole occupation;
• außerberufliche Beschäftigung outside activities;
• befristete Beschäftigung temporary job;
• berufliche Beschäftigung business occupation;
• einträgliche (entgeltliche) Beschäftigung gainful occupation (US), profitable employment, duck soup (US sl.);
• einzige Beschäftigung exclusive employment (occupation);
• ganztätige Beschäftigung full- (whole-) time job (employment);
• besonders gefährliche Beschäftigung extra-hazardous employment;
• geistlose Beschäftigung routine business;
• gelegentliche Beschäftigung casual employment, employment of a casual nature;
• geringfügige Beschäftigung small-scale employment;
• geschützte Beschäftigung sheltered employment;
• Gewinn bringende Beschäftigung gainful occupation;
• gewöhnliche Beschäftigung usual occupation;
• hauptamtliche Beschäftigung full-time employment (job);
• illegale Beschäftigung underground employment;
• irgendeine Beschäftigung ordinary job;
• kaufmännische Beschäftigung commercial appointment;
• lebenslange Beschäftigung lifelong employment;
• leichte Beschäftigung light occupation;
• lohnende Beschäftigung profitable employment, remunerative occupation;
• mangelnde Beschäftigung underemployment;
• nächtliche Beschäftigung night work;
• nebenberufliche Beschäftigung occupation outside of office work, part-time job;
• regelmäßige Beschäftigung regular occupation;
• saisonabhängige Beschäftigung seasonal employment;
• nicht selbstständige Beschäftigung wage-earning employment;
• sitzende Beschäftigung sedentary employment;
• sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung employment subject to social insurance;
• stundenweise Beschäftigung part-time (casual) employment;
• überwiegende Beschäftigung (Einkommensteuer) paramount occupation;
• übliche Beschäftigung daily (usual) occupation, daily stint;
• unbedeutende Beschäftigung potty little job (sl.);
• ungleichmäßige Beschäftigung unstable employment;
• unregelmäßige Beschäftigung irregular employment;
• unselbstständige Beschäftigung wage-earning employment;
• versicherungsfreie Beschäftigung uninsured employment;
• zeitweilige Beschäftigung part-time employment;
• zukunftsträchtige Beschäftigung prospective employment;
• zumutbare Beschäftigung suitable employment;
• zusätzliche Beschäftigung additional employment;
• entgeltliche Beschäftigung eines anderen using the services of another for pay;
• Beschäftigung älterer Arbeitnehmer employment of elderly people;
• Beschäftigung in der Bauindustrie construction employment;
• Beschäftigung auf der Baustelle on-site employment;
• Beschäftigung im industriellen Bereich manufacturing employment;
• Beschäftigung in einer Branche line activity;
• Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Dienst public service job;
• Beschäftigung in der Dienstleistungsindustrie service employment;
• Beschäftigung von Gelegenheitsarbeitern casualization;
• Beschäftigung in der Industrie factory employment, industrial occupation;
• Beschäftigung von Jugendlichen youth (juvenile) employment;
• Beschäftigung von Kindern child labo(u)r, employment of children;
• Beschäftigung in Kurzarbeit (zwecks Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit) staggering short (of shifts), (zwecks Vermeidung von Entlassungen) work sharing;
• Beschäftigung mit Nichtigkeiten shilly-shally;
• Beschäftigung in der Produktionsindustrie manufacturing employment;
• Beschäftigung im Staatsdienst government job, state employment;
• Beschäftigung in der Stahlindustrie steel-industry employment;
• Beschäftigung von Untervertretern pyramid selling;
• Beschäftigung zeitweise aussetzen to suspend employment;
• Beschäftigung ausüben to carry on a business, to do a job;
• Beschäftigung von älteren Arbeitnehmern erleichtern to facilitate the employment of older workers;
• Beschäftigung finden to find employment;
• untergeordnete Beschäftigung finden to obtain menial tasks;
• Beschäftigung älterer Arbeitnehmer fördern to promote the employment of older workers;
• Beschäftigung bestimmter Arbeitnehmergruppen fördern to encourage the employment of specific groups of workers;
• lebenslange Beschäftigung garantieren to guarantee lifelong employment;
• jem. Beschäftigung geben to employ s. o.;
• einträgliche Beschäftigung haben to live on (be left to) one’s purchases (Scot.);
• regelmäßige Beschäftigung haben to have a regular job;
• einer geregelten Beschäftigung nachgehen to go about one’s lawful business (occupation);
• seiner täglichen Beschäftigung nachgehen to go about one’s usual work, to do one’s daily stint;
• um eine Beschäftigung nachsuchen to apply for a job;
• seine Beschäftigung nicht ernst nehmen to play around (US sl.);
• ohne Beschäftigung sein to be unemployed (out of a job);
• ohne regelmäßige Beschäftigung sein to be at a loose end;
• sich nach einer geeigneten Beschäftigung umsehen to look for occupation suited to one’s abilities;
• jem. eine Beschäftigung verschaffen to find s. o. a job. -
8 Arbeit
Arbeit f 1. GEN task, work, workmanship; 2. PERS work, job, employment; 3. WIWI (AE) labor, (BE) labour • aktiv nach Arbeit suchen PERS, SOZ actively looking for work (such as contacting employers or public or private employment agencies) • an die Arbeit gehen PERS start work • an der Arbeit sein PERS be at work • Arbeit annehmen PERS take employment, take a job, accept a job • Arbeit aufgeben PERS give up work • Arbeit aufnehmen PERS take up employment, take up work, start a job • Arbeit ausführen PERS carry out work, perform work • Arbeit beginnen PERS start a job, start work, begin work • Arbeit durchführen PERS carry out work, perform work • Arbeit finden PERS find work, find employment, find a job • Arbeit haben PERS have a job, be employed, be in work • Arbeit muss sich lohnen POL, WIWI make work pay (strategischer Ansatz zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit) • Arbeit nach Vorschrift machen PERS work to rule, go slow, (AE) work to contract • Arbeit schaffen PERS create work • Arbeit suchen PERS seek work, look for work, look for a job, seek a job • Arbeit verrichten PERS do one’s work, carry out one’s work • Arbeit wieder aufnehmen PERS, SOZ resume work, return to work • Arbeiten auslagern GEN, PERS outsource, contract out • Arbeiten nach außen vergeben GEN, PERS outsource, contract out, put out to contract • auf Arbeit gehen PERS go to work • bei der Arbeit fehlen PERS be off work • der Arbeit abgeneigt GEN, PERS, MGT disinclined to work, work-shy (arbeitsscheu) • die Arbeit antreten PERS report for work • die Arbeit beenden 1. GEN finish work; 2. PERS cease work, stop working • die Arbeit einstellen GEN finish work • die Arbeit im Griff haben PERS be on top of one’s job • die Arbeit niederlegen PERS down tools, walk out • gute Arbeit leisten PERS do a good job • in der Arbeit sein PERS be at work • in Arbeit bleiben PERS stay in employment, continue to work, remain in employment, stay in the job, remain in the job • in Arbeit sein 1. GEN, IND, MGT be in process, be in progress; 2. PERS be employed • in Arbeit verbleiben PERS stay in employment, stay in the job, remain in the job, continue to work, remain in employment • in Arbeit vermitteln SOZ place in work, place people in work, place in jobs, place people in jobs • jmdn. wieder in Arbeit bringen PERS bring sb back to work, get sb back into work • mit Arbeit eingedeckt sein PERS (infrml) be up to one’s neck in work, have lots to do • mit der Arbeit anfangen PERS begin work, begin to work, start work, start to work • ohne Arbeit sein PERS be out of work, be without employment • schlechte Arbeit leisten PERS do a bad job • seine Arbeit verlieren PERS lose one’s work, lose one’s job • sich an die Arbeit machen GEN get down to work • sich seine Arbeit einteilen PERS organize one’s work, divide up one’s work • von der Arbeit freistellen PERS release from work, give time off • zur Arbeit gehen PERS go to work* * *f 1. < Geschäft> task, work, workmanship; 2. < Person> work, job, employment; 3. <Vw> labor (AE), labour (BE) ■ Arbeit annehmen < Person> take employment, take a job, accept a job ■ Arbeit aufgeben < Person> give up work ■ Arbeit aufnehmen < Person> take up employment, take up work, start a job ■ Arbeit beginnen < Person> start a job, start work, begin work ■ Arbeit finden < Person> find work, find employment ■ Arbeit haben < Person> have a job, be employed ■ Arbeit muss sich lohnen <Pol, Vw> strategischer Ansatz zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit make work pay ■ Arbeit suchen < Person> seek work, look for work, look for a job, seek a job ■ Arbeit wieder aufnehmen < Person> resume work, return to work ■ der Arbeit abgeneigt <Geschäft, Person, Mgmnt> arbeitsscheu disinclined to work, work-shy ■ die Arbeit beenden < Geschäft> finish work < Person> cease work, stop working ■ die Arbeit einstellen < Geschäft> finish work ■ die Arbeit im Griff haben < Person> be on top of one's job ■ die Arbeit niederlegen < Person> down tools, walk out ■ in Arbeit sein 1. <Geschäft, Ind, Mgmnt> be in process, be in progress; 2. < Person> be employed ■ in Arbeit vermitteln < Sozial> place in work, place people in work, place in jobs, place people in jobs ■ mit Arbeit eingedeckt sein < Person> be up to one's neck in work infrml, have lots to do ■ ohne Arbeit sein < Person> be out of work, be without employment ■ seine Arbeit verlieren < Person> lose one's work, lose one's job ■ sich an die Arbeit machen < Geschäft> get down to work ■ von der Arbeit freistellen < Person> release from work* * *Arbeit
work, labo(u)r, (Aufgabe) task, assignment, (Ausführung) workmanship, craftsmanship, handiwork, (Beschäftigung) employment, achievement, job, occupation, (Dienst) service, (Erzeugnis) product, make, (Geschäft) concern, business, (Leistung) performance, output, (Mühe) effort, trouble, pains, toil, exertion, (Stück) piece of work, job, (Tätigkeit) activity, operation;
• auf dem Weg zur Arbeit (Versicherungsrecht) on the way to business;
• bei der Arbeit on the job, at work;
• mit Arbeit überlastet overwhelmed with work;
• nach umfangreicher und harter Arbeit after much hard work;
• ohne Arbeit out of work;
• während der Arbeit in course of one’s employment;
• über Gemeinkosten abgerechnete Arbeit indirect labo(u)r;
• in der Qualität abweichende Arbeit spotty piece of work;
• auferlegte Arbeit task;
• wieder aufgenommene Arbeit return to plant;
• auserwählte Arbeit delicate workmanship;
• schlampig ausgeführte Arbeit slipshod (shoddy, ragged) [piece of] work;
• ausgezeichnete Arbeit excellent piece of work;
• in der Ausführung begriffene Arbeit work in progress;
• bequeme und lukrative Arbeit sweet job;
• bezahlte Arbeit paid work;
• im Akkord bezahlte Arbeit work at piece rates;
• schlecht bezahlte Arbeit badly paid (journeyman) work, tight job;
• nach Stunden (stundenweise) bezahlte Arbeit time work, work at time rates;
• untertariflich bezahlte Arbeit scab work;
• eigene Arbeit personal labo(u)r;
• in den Tarif einbezogene Arbeit bargain work;
• einträgliche Arbeit fat [job];
• entfremdete Arbeit alienation of labo(u)r;
• noch zu erledigende Arbeiten jobs awaiting attention;
• erstklassige Arbeit finest workmanship;
• fachmännische Arbeit professional job;
• fertig gestellte Arbeit [accomplished] work;
• freiwillige Arbeit labo(u)r of love;
• ganztägige Arbeit full-time job;
• geistige Arbeit brainwork, headwork;
• im Stücklohn geleistete Arbeit contract work;
• tatsächlich geleistete Arbeit hours worked;
• in Angriff genommene Arbeit job in hand;
• gewöhnliche Arbeit ordinary labo(u)r;
• gleichwertige Arbeit equal work;
• grenzüberschreitende Arbeit transnational work;
• harte Arbeit hard work;
• hervorragende Arbeit first-rate workmanship, excellent piece of work;
• hochwertige Arbeit high-class workmanship;
• kinderleichte Arbeit child’s play;
• körperliche Arbeit manual labo(u)r;
• langweilige Arbeit dry work, boring job, a chore (US);
• laufende Arbeit work in progress;
• liederliche Arbeit slipshod work;
• mechanische Arbeit unskilled labo(u)r, routine job;
• minderwertige Arbeit inferior workmanship;
• monotone Arbeit humdrum work;
• niedrige Arbeit menial work;
• öffentliche Arbeiten public works;
• Zeit raubende Arbeit time-consuming work;
• saisonbedingte Arbeit seasonality of work;
• schlampige Arbeit a lick and a promise (coll.), slipshod (shoddy, ragged) [piece of] work;
• schlechte Arbeit poor workmanship;
• schludrige Arbeit badly finished (rush, slovenly) work, slapdash, slopwork;
• schmutzige Arbeit dirty work;
• schweres Stück (schwierige) Arbeit tough job, difficult task;
• selbstständige Arbeit occupation of a professional nature;
• termingebundene Arbeit (Werbung) traffic;
• überflüssige Arbeit unnecessary labo(u)r;
• global übernommene Arbeit lump work;
• vertraglich übernommene Arbeit contract labo(u)r;
• unbezahlte Arbeit unremunerative work;
• unerledigte Arbeit unfinished work;
• ungelernte Arbeit common labo(u)r, manual (unskilled) work;
• unselbstständige Arbeit wagework, employment [work], (Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen) dependent personal service;
• vergütete Arbeit work against payment;
• vorausbezahlte Arbeit horse (sl.);
• vorbereitete Arbeit dead work;
• vordringliche Arbeit priority (key) job;
• ziemliche Arbeit lot of work;
• nicht zusagende Arbeit uncongenial job;
• mit dem Euro zusammenhängende Arbeit euro-related work;
• Arbeit im Akkord task wages (work), job work, piecework,
• Arbeit am laufenden Band work on the assembly line, serial production;
• Arbeit für den Fachmann skilled job;
• Arbeit von Führungskräften managerial work;
• Arbeit als landwirtschaftlicher Gehilfe farm labo(u)ring;
• Arbeit und Kapital Capital and Labo(u)r;
• Arbeit auf Prämienbasis work on the bonus system;
• Arbeit außerhalb der Saison off-season work;
• Arbeit in wechselnden Schichten split shift;
• Arbeit unter Tage underground work;
• Arbeit im Tagelohn daywork;
• Arbeit unter Tariflohn scab work;
• Arbeit mit geringer Verdienstspanne low-profit work;
• Arbeit nach Vorschrift go-slow (Br.), work-to-rule (Br.);
• Arbeit sparend labo(u)r-saving;
• Arbeit an einen Untergebenen abgeben to devolve work on a subordinate;
• j. bei einer Arbeit ablösen to give s. o. a spell;
• zur Arbeit anhalten to keep in harness;
• ganz in seiner Arbeit aufgehen to burn with love for one’s work;
• mit der Arbeit aufhören to knock off work;
• Arbeit wieder aufnehmen to go back to work,to fall to work again;
• Arbeit bei Fortsetzung der Lohnverhandlungen wieder aufnehmen to negotiate a return to work pending further talks;
• Arbeit aufteilen to divide up the work;
• Arbeit auf mehrere Leute aufteilen to break up a piece of work among several people;
• Arbeiten und Lieferungen ausschreiben to invite tenders;
• Arbeit aussetzen to stop working, to walk out (US);
• von der Arbeit befreien to release from working;
• bei der Ernte Arbeit bekommen to get a turn of work at the harvest;
• großen Teil der Arbeit hinter sich bringen to get through a lot of work;
• Arbeit einstellen to stop working, to knock off, (streiken) to lay down tools, to cease work, (kündigen) to quit work, (streiken) to turn out, to come out on strike, to walk out (US);
• Arbeit erledigen to manage a piece of work;
• seine Arbeit flüchtig erledigen to scurry through one’s work;
• Arbeit innerhalb einer Woche erledigen to finish a job within (inside of, US) a week;
• in Arbeit ersticken to be smothered with work;
• der Arbeit fernbleiben to absent o. s. from work;
• scharenweise der Arbeit fernbleiben to stay away from the assembly line in droves;
• während der Arbeit schnell etw. futtern to put on the nose bag (fam.);
• Auftrag in Arbeit geben to put an order in hand;
• an die Arbeit gehen to proceed to business;
• auf Arbeit gehen to go out (take) to work;
• ernsthaft an die Arbeit gehen to go roundly to work;
• seine Arbeit lieb gewinnen to reconcile o. s. to one’s work;
• neues Buch in Arbeit haben to have a new book on the stocks;
• keine Arbeit haben to be out of work (unemployed);
• Arbeit wieder aufgenommen haben to be back on the job;
• unerledigte Arbeit liegen haben to fall behind with one’s work;
• sein Äußerstes bei der Arbeit hergeben to work to the full at one’s task;
• durch seine Arbeit hinzulernen to learn on the job;
• von seiner Hände Arbeit leben to live by one’s hands (by the sweat of one’s brow), to be left to one’s purchase;
• ausgezeichnete Arbeit leisten to do a first-class job;
• bahnbrechende Arbeit leisten to do pioneer work;
• gute Arbeit leisten to give good service, to make a good job of it;
• schlechte Arbeit leisten to tinker;
• schludrige Arbeit leisten to scamp;
• Arbeit leiten to direct a job;
• im Rahmen einer Arbeit liegen to fall within the scope of a job;
• sich an die Arbeit machen to get (settle) down to work, to hitch up to a job (US), to get down to it, to roll up one’s sleeves;
• sich eifrig an die Arbeit machen to buckle down to work;
• sich selbst an die Arbeit machen to put one’s hand to the plough (plow, US);
• seiner täglichen Arbeit nachgehen to go about one’s usual work (business), to do one’s daily stint;
• seiner Arbeit im Ausland nachgehen to work on assignment abroad;
• seine Arbeit niederlegen to drop one’s work, to stay off one’s job, to down tools (Br.), to walk out (US);
• sehr nach Arbeit riechen to smell of the lamp (midnight oil);
• Arbeit sabotieren to make a bad job of s. th.;
• auf Arbeit sein to be out at work;
• in Arbeit sein to be in hand (process) of manufacture;
• mit ganzer Seele (ganzem Herzen) bei der Arbeit sein to have one’s heart in (lend one’s soul to) one’s work;
• an selbstständige Arbeit gewöhnt sein to be accustomed to working independently;
• Arbeit sparend sein (Maschinen) to be real labo(u)r savers;
• mit seiner Arbeit im Rückstand sein to be behind (in arrears) with one’s work;
• bei jem. in Lohn und Arbeit stehen to be in s. one’s employ;
• Arbeit fertig stellen to finish off a job;
• sich in die Arbeit stürzen to plunge into business;
• Arbeit suchen to look for (seek) a job, to seek work (employment);
• bei der Arbeit trödeln to slack at one’s job;
• Arbeit übernehmen to [under]take a job;
• zusätzliche Arbeiten übernehmen to take on extra work;
• Arbeit im Akkord vergeben to let out a job of work on contract;
• Arbeiten und Lieferungen vergeben to let out a work in contract, to give on contract;
• seine Arbeit vernachlässigen to be negligent in one’s work;
• Arbeit verpfuschen to butcher a job;
• allerlei Arbeiten verrichten to do odd jobs;
• Arbeit seiner Angestellten verrichten to keep a dog and bark o. s.;
• Arbeit verschaffen to procure labo(u)r;
• jem. Arbeit verschaffen to find s. o. work;
• Arbeit vollenden to execute a job of work;
• mit niedrigen Arbeiten beschäftigt werden to be employed at a lower status;
• mit seiner Arbeit fertig werden to get through one’s work;
• Material für eine wissenschaftliche Arbeit zusammenstellen to collect material for a scientific work.
scheuen, Arbeit
to shirk one’s share of work;
• keine Kosten scheuen to spare no expense.
verrichten, Arbeit
to operate;
• Gelegenheitsarbeiten verrichten to char. -
9 Berufsmerkmal
Berufsmerkmal n PERS occupational characteristic, job characteristic* * *n < Person> occupational characteristic, job characteristic* * *Berufsmerkmal
job characteristic;
• Berufsmöglichkeiten carrier opportunities, career potential;
• freie Berufsmöglichkeiten für leitende Angestellte executive job mobility;
• jem. nur eine Berufsmöglichkeit lassen to tie s. o. down to a job;
• Berufsmoral professional ethics;
• nach einer Berufspause in den Beruf zurückkehren to return to work after an absence;
• Berufspendler commuter (US);
• Berufsplanung career planning;
• übersehbare Berufsposition clearcut job;
• für Führungskräfte vorgesehene Berufsposition executive-track job;
• Berufspraxis professional practice;
• Berufsrecht occupational law;
• Berufsrichter professional judge;
• Berufsrisiko occupational hazard (risk), job hazard, risk incident to employment;
• übliches Berufsrisiko (Lebensversicherung) ordinary risk incident to employment;
• Berufsrückkehr return to work;
• Berufsschaden industrial injury, professional injury (wrong), injury at work;
• Berufsschicht profession, trade;
• Berufsschulausbildung vocational education, prevocational training;
• Berufsschule vocational (technical, trade, US, training, continuation) school;
• Berufsleiter vocational director;
• Berufsschulung training within industry;
• Berufsschulwesen vocational education;
• Berufsseminar career seminar;
• Berufssparte category of occupation;
• alle Berufssparten all walks of life;
• Berufsspektrum range of occupations;
• Berufsspekulant (Börse) professional. -
10 kaufmännisch
kaufmännisch adj GEN commercial* * ** * *kaufmännisch
commercial, mercantile, trading, businesslike;
• nicht kaufmännisch non-mercantile;
• kaufmännisch ausgebildet brought up in business;
• nicht kaufmännisch beschäftigt non-trading;
• kaufmännisch gewandt sein to have a head for business;
• kaufmännisch tätig sein to be in business (the trade), to be engaged in business;
• kaufmännisches Akzepthaus merchant bank[er] (Br.);
• kaufmännischer Angestellter clerk, employee;
• kaufmännische Ausbildung commercial education, business training (education, study);
• kaufmännischer Beruf commercial profession, business occupation;
• kaufmännischen Beruf ergreifen to go into business, to turn merchant;
• einer kaufmännischen Betätigung nachgehen to be engaged in commercial activities;
• kaufmännischer Betrieb business enterprise, commercial establishment;
• kaufmännische Beziehungen business connections;
• kaufmännische Buchführung merchant’s accounts;
• kaufmännische Denkweise business thinking;
• kaufmännisches Fach commercial line;
• kaufmännische Fähigkeiten business acumen (ability, accomplishments);
• kaufmännische Gepflogenheiten customs of merchants;
• nach kaufmännischen Gesichtspunkten from a commercial point of view, businesslike;
• kaufmännische Grundsätze business principles;
• kaufmännische Handschrift business hand;
• kaufmännische Interessen commercial interests;
• kaufmännische Korrespondenz business correspondence;
• kaufmännischer Kredit commercial loan;
• im ordenlichen kaufmännischen Leben üblich sein to be consistent with sound commercial practice;
• kaufmännische Lehre apprenticeship;
• kaufmännischer Lehrgang commercial course;
• kaufmännischer Lehrling business trainee, apprentice;
• kaufmännischer Leiter commercial manager;
• kaufmännisches Personal office employees, staff, personnel;
• kaufmännisches Rechnen commercial arithmetic;
• kaufmännisches Thema commercial subject;
• kaufmännisches Unternehmen trading corporation;
• kaufmännisches Urteilsvermögen business judgment;
• kaufmännisch übliche Vereinbarung ordinary commercial arrangement;
• kaufmännischer Werdegang business-training background;
• kaufmännisches Zurückbehaltungsrecht right of stoppage in transit. -
11 Kaufmannsberuf
Kaufmannsberuf
commercial profession, business occupation;
• Kaufmannsbrauch custom (law) of merchants, usage of trade;
• Kaufmannsfach mercantile line;
• Kaufmannsfamilie business family;
• Kaufmannsfrau merchant’s wife, (selbstständig) feme-sole trader;
• Kaufmannsgehilfe shop assistant;
• Kaufmannsgehilfenprüfung business college (school) examination;
• Kaufmannsgilde merchant guild, body of merchants;
• Kaufmannsgut merchandise;
• Kaufmannsinnung merchant guild;
• Kaufmannskreise commercial circles, businessmen;
• Kaufmannsprüfung bestehen to graduate from a business college (US);
• Kaufmannsstand the trade, commercial (business) profession;
• Kaufmannsvereinigung trade club (Br.);
• [üblicher] Kaufmannsverstand ordinary business wisdom. -
12 व्यवहार
vy-avahāram. doing, performing, action, practice, conduct, behaviour MBh. Kāv. etc. ( vyavahāraḥkāryaḥ, with instr., « it should be acted according to);
commerce orᅠ intercourse with (saha orᅠ comp.) Nir. Kām. etc.;
affair, matter Nīlak. ;
usage, custom, wont, ordinary life, common practice Pat. BhP. Hit. ;
activity, action orᅠ practice of occupation orᅠ business with (loc. orᅠ comp.) Inscr. Kāv. Kathās. ;
mercantile transaction, traffic, trade with, dealing in (comp.) Mn. MBh. etc.;
a contract Mn. VIII, 163 ;
legal procedure, contest at law with ( saha), litigation, lawsuit, legal process ( seeᅠ - matṛikā below) Mn. Yājñ. etc.;
practices of law andᅠ kingly government IW. 209 ;
mathematical process Col.;
administration of justice Gaut. ;
(fig.) punishment L. ;
competency to manage one's own affairs, majority (in law) ib. ;
propriety, adherence to law orᅠ custom ib. ;
the use of an expression, with regard to, speaking about ( tairevavyavahāraḥ, « just about these is the question», it is to these that the discussion has reference») Kap. Sāh. Sarvad. ;
designation Jaim. Sch. ;
compulsory work L. ;
a sword L. ;
a sort of tree L. ;
N. of a ch. of the Agni-purāṇa
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13 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
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14 זול
זוּלch. sam(זול Ito be of slight value, to be cheap; to be despicable, mean); perf. זָל, Part. זִיל, זֹול 1) to disregard. Targ. Y. II Gen. 16:5 (perh. fr. זְלַל). 2) to be worthless, cheap. Targ. Y. Deut. 28:68 בדמין זֹולִין for a low price.B. Mets.77a זל עבידתא (sub שכר) labor has become cheaper. Ib. זל עביד׳ מעיקרא labor was originally cheap. Ib. זיל עביד׳ Ms. M. (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 40). Ber.63a (prov.) זָלָא קמץ קניה Ms. M. (ed. זָלַת קבוץ קנה מינה, Ar. קפוץ) if a thing is cheap, be quick and buy it. B. Mets.64a bot. אי יקרא אי זילאוכ׳ whether it will rise or fall, it shall be in my possession (gain or loss shall be mine). Ab. Zar.70a זִילָה עלייהו she is contemptible in their sight. B. Bath. 110a זִילָא בי מילתא such occupation is beneath my dignity. Yeb.63a זַבֵּינ ולא תֵיזוּל sell (part of thy clothes to start a business) in order not to be disgraced by poverty; (oth. explan., v. next w.). Af. אוֹזִיל to sell cheap, make easy terms. B. Mets.77a אוֹזִילו אינהו גביה זוזאוכ׳ at the start they had agreed to work for one zuz less (than the market price of labor), and wages were generally reduced afterwards. Ib. b אוֹזְלֵי מוֹזִילוכ׳ he will lower the price and sell (some of his movable goods in order to raise money). Ib. 73a top מוֹזְלֵי גבייהו they will be easier in selling them. Ib. bot. אוזולי דקא מוזלי גבייכו (better אתולי … מחלי, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 1) they are liberal towards you (paying more than the ordinary wages). Gen. R. s. 39 חלא מֵזִיל חמרא vinegar cheapens wine, i. e. where bad wine is plentiful in the market, good wine sells cheaper; a. fr. Ithpe. אִתְּזִיל to be degraded, disgraced. Keth.53b לא ניחא ליה דתִיתְּזִיל he does not want her to be disgraced (by dependence on public charity). -
15 זוּל
זוּלch. sam(זול Ito be of slight value, to be cheap; to be despicable, mean); perf. זָל, Part. זִיל, זֹול 1) to disregard. Targ. Y. II Gen. 16:5 (perh. fr. זְלַל). 2) to be worthless, cheap. Targ. Y. Deut. 28:68 בדמין זֹולִין for a low price.B. Mets.77a זל עבידתא (sub שכר) labor has become cheaper. Ib. זל עביד׳ מעיקרא labor was originally cheap. Ib. זיל עביד׳ Ms. M. (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 40). Ber.63a (prov.) זָלָא קמץ קניה Ms. M. (ed. זָלַת קבוץ קנה מינה, Ar. קפוץ) if a thing is cheap, be quick and buy it. B. Mets.64a bot. אי יקרא אי זילאוכ׳ whether it will rise or fall, it shall be in my possession (gain or loss shall be mine). Ab. Zar.70a זִילָה עלייהו she is contemptible in their sight. B. Bath. 110a זִילָא בי מילתא such occupation is beneath my dignity. Yeb.63a זַבֵּינ ולא תֵיזוּל sell (part of thy clothes to start a business) in order not to be disgraced by poverty; (oth. explan., v. next w.). Af. אוֹזִיל to sell cheap, make easy terms. B. Mets.77a אוֹזִילו אינהו גביה זוזאוכ׳ at the start they had agreed to work for one zuz less (than the market price of labor), and wages were generally reduced afterwards. Ib. b אוֹזְלֵי מוֹזִילוכ׳ he will lower the price and sell (some of his movable goods in order to raise money). Ib. 73a top מוֹזְלֵי גבייהו they will be easier in selling them. Ib. bot. אוזולי דקא מוזלי גבייכו (better אתולי … מחלי, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 1) they are liberal towards you (paying more than the ordinary wages). Gen. R. s. 39 חלא מֵזִיל חמרא vinegar cheapens wine, i. e. where bad wine is plentiful in the market, good wine sells cheaper; a. fr. Ithpe. אִתְּזִיל to be degraded, disgraced. Keth.53b לא ניחא ליה דתִיתְּזִיל he does not want her to be disgraced (by dependence on public charity). -
16 נהג
נָהַג(b. h.) ( to drive an animal, to lead, conduct; to demean ones self; to be guided by, be wont to; to apply, be practiced. Keth.103b נְהוֹג, v. דָּמִים. Ḥull.VII, 1 נוֹהֵג, v. גִּיד. Sifra Tsav, Par. 11, ch. 18 שיִנְהוֹג הדבר לדורות which intimates that this order should be preserved at all times. Pes.IV, 1 מקום שנָהֲגוּוכ׳ where it is a local usage to Meg.6b כל מצות שנוֹהֲגוֹת בשניוכ׳ all laws that apply to the second (Adar) apply also to the first. Ib. 5b, a. e. דברים … ואחרים נָהֲגוּ בהן איסור things which are permitted, but which some treat as forbidden; a. v. fr.נ׳ כבוד, v. כָּבוֹד.נ׳ קלות (ראש), v. קַלּוּת.Ab. Zar.54b עולם … נוהג, v. מִנְהָג.Yalk. Num. 764 נ׳ שמניםוכ׳ he applied oils and baths. Hif. הִנְהִיג same, esp. 1) to drive, direct; to take possession of an animal by driving. Kil. VIII, 2 להַנְחִיג, v. מָשַךְ. Ib. 3 המַנְהִיג the driver of heterogeneous animals. B. Mets.I, 2 אחד רוכב ואחד מנהיג one rode (the animal that was found), and the other directed it (by leading). Ib. 8b רכוב במקום מנהיג the rights of the driver as against those of the leader. Ib. במנהיג ברגליו when the rider drives by means of his heels. Ib. תרי גווני מנהיג there are two ways of driving; a. fr.B. Bath. V, 1 ואת כל המַנְהִיגִין אותה and all the implements needed for directing the ship; a. e., v. מַנְהִיג. 2) to lead, conduct. Ber.35b הַנְהֵג בהן דרך ארץ combine with the study of the Law a secular occupation; Yalk. Deut. 863 תּנְהוֹג. Snh.92a כל פרנס שמנהיג … ומַנְהִיגָםוכ׳ a manager that leads a community with gentleness, will be privileged to lead it in the days to come (of resurrection); a. fr.Tosef.Bets.II, 15 ה׳ את בני רומיוכ׳ made it a custom among the Jews in Borne ה׳ עצמו ברבנות to assume airs of superiority. Sot.13b; a. fr. Hithpa. מִתְנַהֵג 1) to conduct ones self. Sifré Deut. 323 הִתְנַהֲגוּ זה את זהוכ׳ conduct yourselves towards one another in charity; a. fr. 2) to be conducted. Y.B. Kam.VI, 5c top רוח שהעולם מִתְנַהֵג בו a wind by which the world is maintained, i. e. an ordinary wind, opp. של אונסים a calamitous wind (Bab. ib. 60a רוח מצויה, v. מָצָא). 3) to move. Gen. R. s. 66 מתנהג בהוכ׳ moves with her (Israel) from tent to tent.V. נוֹהַג. -
17 נָהַג
נָהַג(b. h.) ( to drive an animal, to lead, conduct; to demean ones self; to be guided by, be wont to; to apply, be practiced. Keth.103b נְהוֹג, v. דָּמִים. Ḥull.VII, 1 נוֹהֵג, v. גִּיד. Sifra Tsav, Par. 11, ch. 18 שיִנְהוֹג הדבר לדורות which intimates that this order should be preserved at all times. Pes.IV, 1 מקום שנָהֲגוּוכ׳ where it is a local usage to Meg.6b כל מצות שנוֹהֲגוֹת בשניוכ׳ all laws that apply to the second (Adar) apply also to the first. Ib. 5b, a. e. דברים … ואחרים נָהֲגוּ בהן איסור things which are permitted, but which some treat as forbidden; a. v. fr.נ׳ כבוד, v. כָּבוֹד.נ׳ קלות (ראש), v. קַלּוּת.Ab. Zar.54b עולם … נוהג, v. מִנְהָג.Yalk. Num. 764 נ׳ שמניםוכ׳ he applied oils and baths. Hif. הִנְהִיג same, esp. 1) to drive, direct; to take possession of an animal by driving. Kil. VIII, 2 להַנְחִיג, v. מָשַךְ. Ib. 3 המַנְהִיג the driver of heterogeneous animals. B. Mets.I, 2 אחד רוכב ואחד מנהיג one rode (the animal that was found), and the other directed it (by leading). Ib. 8b רכוב במקום מנהיג the rights of the driver as against those of the leader. Ib. במנהיג ברגליו when the rider drives by means of his heels. Ib. תרי גווני מנהיג there are two ways of driving; a. fr.B. Bath. V, 1 ואת כל המַנְהִיגִין אותה and all the implements needed for directing the ship; a. e., v. מַנְהִיג. 2) to lead, conduct. Ber.35b הַנְהֵג בהן דרך ארץ combine with the study of the Law a secular occupation; Yalk. Deut. 863 תּנְהוֹג. Snh.92a כל פרנס שמנהיג … ומַנְהִיגָםוכ׳ a manager that leads a community with gentleness, will be privileged to lead it in the days to come (of resurrection); a. fr.Tosef.Bets.II, 15 ה׳ את בני רומיוכ׳ made it a custom among the Jews in Borne ה׳ עצמו ברבנות to assume airs of superiority. Sot.13b; a. fr. Hithpa. מִתְנַהֵג 1) to conduct ones self. Sifré Deut. 323 הִתְנַהֲגוּ זה את זהוכ׳ conduct yourselves towards one another in charity; a. fr. 2) to be conducted. Y.B. Kam.VI, 5c top רוח שהעולם מִתְנַהֵג בו a wind by which the world is maintained, i. e. an ordinary wind, opp. של אונסים a calamitous wind (Bab. ib. 60a רוח מצויה, v. מָצָא). 3) to move. Gen. R. s. 66 מתנהג בהוכ׳ moves with her (Israel) from tent to tent.V. נוֹהַג.
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